E-Business and Intellectual Property Essay Example for Free

E-Business and Intellectual Property Essay Licenses should be secured all together for an organization to have a bit of leeway in an extremely serious market. The Internet upset has seen an enormous increment in the significant distance buys made by customers, as geological obstructions is no longer as significant as they were. Insurance is required for those organizations who direct business in manners other than face to face. A kind of modern property insurance can essentially be called licenses. This kind of security is utilized to animate the development and plan of new innovation. It fundamentally secures the speculations made to grow new innovation. Patent security is generally given in wording, principally around 20 years. In the article E-Boom or E-Bust? Business Method Patent and The Future of Dotcommerce, the creators contend that State Street Bank v. Mark Financial Group caused a surge upon the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (PTO). The proof unmistakably supports such a contention. Before this State Street Bank business strategies were unpatentable because of a legal rejection of techniques for working together. Notwithstanding, the court in State Street Bank, let this special case to patent law go in 1998 expressing that information structures encoded in PC memory comprise patentable topic (Marsden Huffman, 2000, p. 18). This needed to cause a scramble for the PTO. A totally different territory of business had opened up to patent assurance; a surge would be the main term adequate to characterize the quantity of patent applications that would plummet on the PTO. The creators next contend that the Internet blast additionally was influenced by the courts finding in State Street Bank. The Internet spins around trade. Most locales have a method of creating cash, in the case of delivering income is from one-quit shopping or promoting. A large number of these destinations have utilized or will utilize business strategies that are patentable in light of the State Street Bank choice. Organizations possibly gain when they patent their web business strategies. The third contention concerns the estimation of the patent. As per Marsden and Huffman,As long as the patent candidate doesn't overextend by looking for claims so wide that they at last ruin the patent taking into account the earlier craftsmanship it can seek after more extensive and more grounded patent rights under the new paradigmâ of business strategy protecting than it would already have anticipated (p. 19). They contend that a substantial patent has three types of significant worth. The primary structure is hostile. This takes into consideration the implementation of a patent against infringers. On the off chance that one has the ability to utilize an innovation, it has power over that creation. The second type of significant worth is protective. In this way, it stops others from utilizing creation, due to the licenses presence. Furthermore, the third type of significant worth made by a patent is an incentive in the budgetary market. Organizations are better ready to discover money related sponsorship when they are lawfully ready to secure their property. The most clear help of the monetary market hypothesis depends on the change of stock costs dependent on substantial licenses picked up or licenses lost because of negation. The fourth contention the creators address is the advantages and disadvantages of the wide patent rights. Plainly, the proprietors of a patent have an advantage. Others accept that expansive business technique protecting makes a weight on free trade. The reactions can be categorized as one of three classifications: licenses in these fields will make boundaries to business and development that exceed the indicated great of such licenses; licenses are being given for minor or evident advances, or that are plainly foreseen by earlier craftsmanship; and PTO patent looking at assets are lacking to police the protecting procedure appropriately. The PTO reacted to the analysis by causing changes that some to feel won't modify anything. They have required such things as extra preparing, another reference booklet, and extraordinary preparing as to earlier workmanship. The creators think to decide the advantages of these progressions are too early. They additionally accept that the territory is too imperative to even think about waiting for open strategy discussions to decide the appropriate response. The PTO must keep on issueing licenses while the appropriate responses are found. At that point the PTO can make suitable modifications. The State Street Bank choice changed the manner in which patent legal counselors saw business strategies. Under the watchful eye of, a legal counselor would not think about a patent application for a business strategy. In any case, after 1998, business strategies got patentable. This needed to change the manner in which patent law was polished and the quantity of patentâ applications made to the PTO. This contention normally streams into Internet applications. It appears to be regular that patent law ought to give security to those holding licenses. In the wake of perusing this article, the three different ways that a patent offers some benefit for the holder, appear to be clear. It gives one the option to sue for encroachment, gives others notice they have the patent, and transform an impalpable thought into genuine property. The creators don't stand firm on whether they believe the current patent laws to be an advantage or a disadvantage. I for one imagine that the most advantage can be picked up by over-conceding licenses as opposed to turning down patent applications. I would prefer the PTO award a patent, and it later be nullified due to earlier workmanship, than it be precluded out from claiming hand. I guess this contention basically makes an organization policing strategy. Be that as it may, it is important to sue if an organization required utilization of the licensed innovation. In zones, for example, business strategies and programming where changes happens regular, I feel that there would most likely be an elective strategy. Organizations would need to decide the significance of the development to them, before they chose to sue. Patent law gives insurance to E-business to their site tasks, interfaces, budgetary administration, exchanges, and promoting. For an E-business to endanger its capacity to petition for a patent isn't simple. Acquiring a patent and purposes behind getting one is a procedure that must be clear and exact. The E-business needs to show noble motivation and data so as to acquire the patent. Reference: Marsden, W.J. what's more, Huffman, J.A. (2000). E-Boom or E-Bust? Business Method Patent and The Future of Dotcommerce. Pp. 18-22, 28-29. Recovered on February 28, 2008 from http://delawarebarfoundation.org/delawyer/Volume18_Number4_Winter2000-2001.pdf

Disappointed + Preposition

Baffled + Preposition Baffled + Preposition Baffled + Preposition By Maeve Maddox A peruser inquires: Might you be able to expound on which relational word ought to be utilized after frustrated (e.g., in, at, with, by)? Kindly disclose the occasions to utilize them effectively. I don’t figure it’s conceivable to set out a firm principle about which relational word ought to follow baffled, however I’ve accumulated a few features and citations from the Web that delineate what appears to me to be the most widely recognized utilization. His military father was frustrated in him. My folks are frustrated in me. Frustration is a feeling. The relational word that follows frustrated indications at the force of the feeling in question. â€Å"Disappointed in† recommends that a treachery has occurred. The wellspring of the failure is normally an adored and confided face to face whose activities are seen by another as a double-crossing. The trusted person’s very character is being referred to. This sort of dissatisfaction shakes a relationship. In is likewise utilized when trust has been set in a substance or organization from which something different was normal: New Hope guardians, understudies baffled in courts choice Drivers in Liberia are communicating dissatisfaction and frustration in the Federation of Road Transport Union (FRTUL) for its supposed inability to address their issues. â€Å"Disappointed by† comes up short on the feeling of treachery passed on by â€Å"disappointed in†; with by the feeling is by all accounts progressively one of shock: Kim Simplis Barrow says she’s disillusioned by church’s position â€Å"Disappointed with† appears to have the broadest application. We’re disillusioned with items or with how things are finished: †I am profoundly disillusioned with how WorkSafe led this investigation,† Clark told journalists. iPhone clients are disillusioned with the iOS 7.1 programming update that is depleting their batteries Julien Disappointed With Bruins’ Effort In Winnipeg Pursue disillusioned with result of 2014 Legislative meetings Relational word use is evolving quickly. For instance, nonstandard â€Å"excited for† is testing standard â€Å"excited about† in the discourse of more youthful speakers. On the off chance that the built up employments of â€Å"disappointed in† and â€Å"disappointed by† are dislodged, it will be by â€Å"disappointed with,† as in this remark by Drake Bennett: Being baffled with an individual feels unique in relation to being disillusioned with a result, and requests an alternate reaction. Need to improve your English in a short time a day? Get a membership and begin getting our composing tips and activities day by day! Continue learning! Peruse the Expressions class, check our mainstream posts, or pick a related post below:50 Handy Expressions About Hands10 Colloquial Terms and Their Meanings45 Idioms About the Number One

Lizard People Essay Example for Free

Reptile People Essay Autonomy Day in Los Angeles. Its surmised area was at what is presently the Hollywood Freeway close to the crossing point of North Hill Street and West Cesar Chavez Avenue, downtown. The slope was found one square north of Temple Street and a short separation south of present day Cesar Chavez Avenue, between the Los Angeles Civic Center and Chinatown. A little bit of the slope was not demolished and stays on the west side of Hill Street on the north side of the interstate. Some portion of Fort Moore Hill got home to a graveyard, with the main reported entombment following back to December 19, 1853. On the other hand known as Los Angeles City Cemetery, Protestant Cemetery, Fort Moore Hill Cemetery, Fort Hill Cemetery, or essentially the graveyard on the slope, it was the citys first non-Catholic burial ground. In 1891, the site got home to the second area of Los Angeles High School (LAHS), situated on North Hill Street between Sand Street (later California Street, presently part of 101 Freeway) and Bellevue Avenue (later Sunset Boulevard, presently Cesar Chavez Avenue). LAHS was at this area on Fort Moore Hill until 1917, when the secondary school was moved once more. A large portion of Fort Moore Hill was expelled in 1949 for the development of the Hollywood Freeway, which was opened in December 1950, and in 1957 a commemoration for the old stronghold and its American pioneers was set on a site north of the road. The fortress is presently memorialized by the Fort Moore Pioneer Memorial. As indicated by a G. Warren Shufelt, a geophysicist mining engineer far below the core of Los Angeles budgetary area (Fort Moore Hill) many feet underneath corporate workplaces, and government workplaces lies another city. Underneath Los Angeles Downtown region stands a lost city of sepulchers loaded up with fortune and records. A Hopi boss named Little Green told Warren Shufult that the disappeared races capital was situated in cutting edge Downtown Los Angeles. This city got from an Indian legend that an underground world was worked by an abnormal race that evaporated 5000 years prior. This race is normally alluded to as the Lizard People or Lizard men. Warren Shufult first knew about the Lizard individuals in the city of a Hopi Indian legend. Legend is that they were a race who had been almost cleared out by a meteor shower around 3000 BC. The reptile individuals at that point developed 13 underground settlements along the Pacific Coast. This was done to shield themselves against future impediments. Each underground settlement is the thing that we bring in present day times a city, where was separated to house a thousand families each. They additionally accumulated fundamentals of life to keep up. So significantly progressed experimentally the Lizard individuals built up a concoction arrangement that dissolved strong bedrock to exhaust out the passages and rooms of their subsurface sanctuaries. This was managed without expelling any earth and rock. They likewise built up a concrete tar more grounded than any being used in current occasions which they lined their passages and rooms. These passages were additionally built to hold a bounty of gold tablets that chronicled the historical backdrop of their reality, the birthplace of humanity, and the narrative of the world back to creation. The Lizard individuals as per Little Chief Greenleaf of the medication hotel of the Hopi Indians in Arizona, were of an a lot higher kind of mentally than current people. The scholarly achievements of their multi year old youngsters were equivalent of those of present day school graduates. As indicated by the columnist Jean Bosquet of the Los Angeles Times in 1934, Warren Shufelt started o drive a pole 250 feet into the ground on North Hill Street, sitting above Sunset Boulevard, Spring Street and North Broadway. Warren Shufelt designed a radio x-beam for identifying the nearness of minerals and passages beneath the outside of the ground. This was a mechanical assembly with which he says that he has followed an example of mausoleums and vaults framing a lost city. The radio gadget comprised of a barrel shaped glass case with a fall joined to a copper wire.

Human factor failures - Free Essay Example

1.1Concept and objectives Explain the concept of your project. What are the main ideas that led you to propose this work? Describe in detail the ST objectives. Show how they relate to the topics addressed by the call, which you should explicitly identify. The objectives should be those achievable within the project, not through subsequent development. They should be stated in a measurable and verifiable form, including through the milestones that will be indicated under section 1.3 below. Introduction From EU statistics is known that at least 50% of accidents on EU roads is caused by human factor failures. These human caused losses had represented in 2008 about 100 billion Euros and more than 20000 killed people. Unfortunately, these figures increase from year to year. They are caused by two factors mainly: Till now almost permanently acting increase of the road transport intensity (though some expectations were made last time that road transport intensity will decrease because the world financial crisis, this appears to be true), faults of the drivers interactions with vehicle and their incorrect reaction on the situation on road. The proposed project is focused on the second mentioned factor, which acts in all kinds of road traffic and concerns the drivers of all kinds of vehicles. There are various approaches how to diminish the negative influences of this factor. However, the analyses made in last few years say that significant decrease of these tremendous losses can be reached by development of more efficient methods of driver training for to be resistive against decreases of their attention, to attention splitting caused by influence of environmental factors and also to tendencies to non-tolerant and aggressive behaviour or stress influences when driving. The positive effect of such advanced training holds a considerably long time (several months and more). The wider scale application of such methods, especially on professional cargo truck drivers, drivers of long distance busses and drivers of dangerous goods transporting vehicles can bring besides the significant decrease of road accidents, saving human lives and money, also the not neglect-able decrease of fuel consumption, air pollution and time saving (estimated to 10% and more). These methods are dominantly based on bio-feedback approach, oriented on the use of advanced analysis of electroencephalographic EEG signals and of other selected brain activity indicators. The bio-feedback based methods are non-invasive in principle and in contrary to almost all on drugs consumption based approaches to attention enhancement (amphetamines etc.) do not include the danger of narcolepsy. The bio-feedback methods of advanced training is not restricted in age and sex, however in respective testing of developed advanced approaches the modelling of the real composition of driver population will be respected. 1.1.1 Goal The goal of this proposal is to develop and test novel advanced methods for training the of road vehicle drivers allowing to reach their improved resistance to attention decreases and failures (namely attention splitting and/or switching to aggressive style of driving) in interaction with vehicle. 1.1.2 Technical and scientific challenges The human machine interaction (HMI) is known for many years as most important, but very un-reliable and un-safety factor in all the activities in contemporary transportation, especially those, realized on roads. Human subjects made a lot of faults, react late, made wrong or incorrect decisions, forgot. In general, there are the following three main kinds of reasons for such human subject failures when driving vehicle: The natural subsequent decreases of attention, to which each human subject in course of any his/her activity is exposed, 2.The humoral negative influences on particular subject caused by abnormal high presence of alcohol and/or other drugs in particular subject body, 3.The sudden changes of respective subject behaviour from tolerant to aggressive character. As far as is known, the reason a) has to be considered as main cause of accident in about 50% of cases, while the two other share the rest approximately halve to halve. Besides these well known sources of human subject failures the attention has to be given also to splitting of driver attention from observing the fundamental stimuli (concerning the situation on road) to marginal stimuli(including various in car cockpit installed assistance systems and nomadic devices), invading the driver attention, influence of environmental factors, like the level and kind of illumination, temperature and humidity, atmospheric pressure etc. psychical and general humoral conditions in which the driver starts driving and to their eventual changes appearing in the course of his/her driving activity. There is very problematic to fight with all these types of problems of driver car interaction reliability at once. Nevertheless, the advanced driver training for higher resistance to attention decreases and attention splitting have to be considered as key tool for it. This is the reason, why the project Attractions is focused before all at the minimizing of the negative effects of natural decreases of attention, to which each driver, providing his/her driving activity for longer interval of time has to face. 1.2Progress beyond the state-of-the-art Describe the state-of-the-art in the area !! concerned, and the advance that the proposed project would bring about. If applicable, refer to the results of any patent search you might have carried out. The project Attractions is oriented dominantly to development of methods and necessary tools (both HW and SW) for training the drivers to be significantly more resistive to decreases of their attention in the course of longer driving and to dangerous splitting of attention from the situation on road caused due the influences of on driver impacting disturbing marginal stimuli. Current projects are focussed on the development of technical tools based on sensor input to analyse the behaviour of car drivers and on the development of biofeedback measured by EMG and ECG devices. The innovative aspect of the cuurent project is the use of EEG devices and the combination with EMG and ECG devices. The attention level of cardrivers will be measured by bran activity. These methods are based on deeper understanding of driver brain activities in course of his/her driving the vehicle, namely on advanced analysis of appropriate combination of driver EEG, EMG, ECG, near-infrared transparency signals and other suitable indicators (skin impedance, breath temperature, face grimaces etc). They will use the bio-feedback oriented stimulation of increasing the driver resistance to human driving failures, namely to attention decreases and splitting due both the environmental and in-vehicle disturbing influences. As main tool for such advanced driver training the compact driving simulators equipped by adaptive 2- and 3D scenarios will serve. As training reward and punishment the use of adaptive modifications of simulator scenarios are expected. Because the applicability of bio-feedback based methods of training concerns in general only a part of driver population (estimated now at about 60%), the group of professional drivers (truck, busses, special vehicles, drivers of dangerous cargo) will stay in the focus of interest in this project. The efficiency of methods and tools, developed in the proposed project will be tested on reasonable large sample of such professional drivers, on which also the time duration of respective driver advanced state and possibility of repeated retraining will be verified. This will be done by double-blind testing before and after the training of satisfactory large volunteer cohort. Finally, the methodology for wider application of such advanced driver training will be proposed with respect to national and regional specifics existing in on project participating European countries. Project expected deliverables consist in: Methods for driver training for higher resistance to attention decreasing Methods for driver training for higher resistance to attention splitting Special simulator scenarios in virtual reality for bio-feedback training of driver higher resistance to attention decreases and splitting Compact publication (book) on bio-feedback application to driver training 1.2.1 Natural mechanisms of attention decreases As is well known, the level of human subject attention can be expressed by various indicators. As most suitable for practical application we recommend restrict on following three: the reaction time RT, considered as time interval between appearing of some stimulus (usually of visual nature) and driver reaction, the probability Pcorr of driver correct response on certain stimulus, the size and shape of the actual driver visual field, measured usually by simplification on horizontal observation angle. From these indicators the figure of merit of attention level LA can be expressed, e.g. as LA = |RT-1, Pcorr, |. I dont understand this formula The value of LA is influenced by many factors, but in any case it changes with time. An example of such changes is shown in Fig. 1. In the course of longer driving exposition, the attention level of each driver decreases, as is idealized shown in Fig.1. While the phase of full attention (yellow) and of relaxation (green) can be considered as acceptable with respect to driving safety, the other three (somnolence blue, hypnagogium and micro-sleep red to dark violet, awaking light violet) have to be considered as dangerous. Of course, in some cases the sequence of phases can be shortened. Naturally, there is a need to train the drivers so, that the appearances of these dangerous phases in his/her attention development come as delayed as possible. 1.2.2 Mechanisms of attention splitting Besides the natural decreases the driver attention is influenced almost permanently by various stimuli, detouring its focusing from the situation on road in front of his/her vehicle to marginal events. Such stimuli spit the effective level of the actual disposal level of driver attention so that only the minor part, often too small for safe driving remains for safe driving. Though the length of influence of these marginal stimuli is usually not too long, even the short splitting of driver attention can be dangerous, especially in high speed and in dense traffic. There are two main ways how to diminish this danger: Limitation of the number, density and intensity of marginal stimuli influencing the driver, Training the driver for higher resistance to marginal stimuli influence. The second one stands in the focus of interest in this project, because the EEG and near infrared light brain transparency oriented biofeedback can be considered as good tool for the improving driver resistance to such marginal stimuli influences. 1.2.3 Principles of advanced training One of the most prospective advanced methods of driver training to be more resistive to attention decreases is based on biofeedback (BF). Biofeedback methodology itself is known for about 20 years as treatment technique in which human subjects are trained to improve their physiological functions by using some suitable significant signals from their own bodies. Usually the EEG signals are used for such purpose. BF is till now used mainly for attention improvement of children and student, in some special applications also for pilots. Till now it was not used for vehicle drivers. (This not true, BF is used for many years for improving driving behaviour but using EEG is innovative). Its application in this area opens an approach to reach significant gain in road accident decreasing. For such purpose the BF based approach will be extended besides the EEG on using the wider combination of human brain and body activity characterizing signals, namely coming from skin, heart (ECG), muscles (EMG), brain (besides EEG also the transparency of neat-infrared light) etc. The respective subjects are learned how to understand the information hidden in these signals and are forced (by suitable rewards and punishments) for modification of these signals by their will in the form, corresponding to vigilant stage and eventually also to tolerant behaviour. The most common is the use of electroencephalographic signal for this purpose, but some novel results reached in investigations of near infrared analysis of human brain seem to open the hope that also in this base the efficient BF could be developed. Some psycho-therapeutic experts use at present the BF methodology to decrease intra-psychic tense in anxious and depressive patients and epileptics or learn to relax students who suffered from attention deficit and hyperactivity disorders. The main system for consciousness (thalamo-cortical reverberation circuit) generates whole brain electromagnetic oscillations permanently, during all the considered person life. These oscillations project as very complicated electric or magnetic field on surface of head, usually of frequencies 0,5-30 Hz and more. With respect to technical applicability, the electric component of this electromagnetic field is usually preferred. From the EEG signals one chooses certain significant frequency band e.g. the so called SMR (Sensory Motor Rhythm = 13-18 Hz). The appearance of SMR episodes in particular trained person EEG signals is rewarded in appropriate manner (e.g. by success in simultaneously watched game or by another suitable form). The respective person is so stimulated to repeat SMR still more often. Similar, the absence of SMR is punished. This brings into the trained person brain function the factor of electro-genesis and into his/her psych the tendency which projects its own property, which is motor inhibition and attention increasing. This is aim of therapeutically and/or learning oriented processes, in which people are trained to improve their physiological functions by using suitable (e.g. electrical EEG) signals from their own bodies (one can use magnetic component of brain electromagnetic field too, but the necessary equipment is much heavy and expensive). Neurologists use the EEG biofeedback to put down the epileptic attacks [29] or to help stroke patients regain movement in paralyzed muscles. Psycho-therapeutists and psychiatrists use it to decrease intra-psychical tense in anxious and depressive clients [22, 24], schizophrenic patients [13] and learn to relax boys who suffered from ADHD (attention deficit hyperactivity disorders) syndrome [17, 19, 23]. PET (positron emission tomography) shows metabolic reduction in some brain structures, e.g. superior prefrontal and premotoric areas, fMRI shows hypoactivity in gyrus occipitotemporalis and in both amygdalae, see Fig.2. Fig. 2: Longitudinal section of the brain. AA area adolfactoria or septal nuclei, rhythmic generator for hippocampus (HI). AM -amygdala, part of limbic system. HI and AM are structures where are very often localized epileptic foci (EF). ARAS ascendent reticular activation system, centrum for vigilance maintenance. BO bulbus olfactorius, odours perception. CO neocortex, 95% of all cortex, logical, rational, kognitive, speech centra etc. GC gyrus cinguli, attention and perception of pain. HI hippocampus, old cortex, emotional and memory functions. HT hypothalamus, the highest neurovegetative centrum. HY hypophysis, gland with the highest neurohumoral endokrinne functions. LBF lobulus parietalis, part of neocortex for touch, pain and attention. LC locus caeruleus, nucleus for paradoxical sleep regulation. MES.- mesencephalon, midbrain, superior part of brain- stem. NR nucleus ruber, motor centrum. M.oblong. medulla oblongata, inferior part of brain stem. NRA nuclei raphe, c entra for synchronnous sleep regulation. PF prefrontal cortex, rational function, operating memory, attention, psychic Ego. PM premotorr cortex, area for movement preparation. Pons Varoli middle part of brainstem. The results suggest that EEG BF has the capacity to normalize the functioning of the brain structure (left superior parietal lobule), mainly of right anterior part of gyrus cinguli, the key neural substrate of selective attention. There is therefore recommendable to use the EEG BF technique for increasing attention and for improving the resistance to attention decreases and for elimination of somnolence stages of drivers, pilots etc.. Anatomical and functional substrate of consciousness is thalamo-cortical reverberation circuit which permanently products electromagnetic waves during the day and night in frequency between 1 30 Hz. Every narrow band from this whole spectrum has its own property. SMR activity (13 -18 Hz) accompanying the motor inhibition and better attention is used as training for calming and quietness. SMR, like another EEG activities comes at the beginning of observation quite randomly. But if every SMR episode is rewarded in appropriate way, the trained person brain becomes to be positively stimulated. These situations represent for trained person a pleasure. Thanks to such motivation the previous situations are implemented in thalamo-cortical circuits and in memory. This mechanism activity is than repeated many time. SMR time index increases and SMR activity is transformed into electro-genesis and later on into psychic tendency to keep it for longer time. The aim of BF is reached. Therefore anxiety, hyperactivity, epileptic attacks decreases and resistance to attention decreases rises. This probably can concern also the changes of driver behaviour. Measurements show that most effective for tasks coupled with EEG attentiveness is stimulation in area around electrode C3 (in the system 10/20), while subjects effort is to maximize SMR and suppress variance and aggression (theta and beta activity respectively). The therapeutic tools allow setting up different biases for SMR activation, which gives the possibility of progressive training. Next two graphs show analysis of the SMR, beta and beta2 activity of one subject in the beginning and by the end of the short (10 rounds) biofeedback training. It is possible to see that SMR activity is higher (testify for higher concentration abilities) meanwhile beta activity is relatively lower after training . 1.3S/T methodology and associated work plan A detailed work plan should be presented, broken down into work package(WPs) which should follow the logical phases of the implementation of the project, and include consortium management and assessment of progress and results. (Please note that your overall approach to management will be described later, in section 2). Please present your plans as follows: Describe the overall strategy of the work plan (Maximum length one page) Show the timing of the different WPs and their components (Gantt chart or similar). Provide a detailed work description broken down into work packages. Work package list (please use table 1.3a). Deliverables list (please use table 1.3b). List of milestones (please use table 1.3c) Description of each work package (please use table 1.3d) Summary effort table (1.3e) Provide a graphical presentation of the components showing their interdependencies (Pert diagram or similar) Describe any significant risks, and associated contingency plans Note: The number of work packages used must be appropriate to the complexity of the work and the overall value of the proposed project.The planning should be sufficiently detailed to justify the proposed effort and allow progress monitoring by the Commission. This project is focussed on the realisation of the following goals: The creation of a set of tested methods for advanced training of drivers for higher resistance to attention decreases, attention splitting and to sudden conversions from tolerant to aggressive behaviour. This will be realised by the use of existing tools and technologies from the car simulators, PTW simulators, virtual reality scenarios and bio-feedback methodology.. The verification and testing of the wide scale applicability of developed methods respecting some specifics of age, sex, skill and locality of drivers. Test experiments. In the course of the project the virtual environment and learning methodology and material will be tested. 1.3.1 Software design methodology As was mentioned above a lot of considerably new software has to be developed in the course of this project solution. At the start of the project the requirements on it have to be formulated. This software tools will be oriented into following main areas: Software modules for special virtual scenarios Software modules for car-simulator and PTW-simulator control and providing of measurements Software modules for bio-feedback training Software modules for training efficiency and enhanced driver attention duration. Because this software toolsmodules will be developed by various participants of the project, they will have to fulfil all new software modules need to require the compatibility requirements. To develop the such ssoftware modules an incremental and iterative approach will be used (: a sequence of successive prototypes of increasing complexity and maturity) will be used. This approach allows the availability of preliminary software modules in early stages of the project and the necessary feedback to refine requirements and designs. After that, the evaluation of these modules with respect to their applicability will be provided. Finally the .integration of the respective well tested and in operation verified software modules will be made. 1.3.2 Project Methodology The project is composed of a number of steps. These steps will be translated in work packages (WP). Because of the relations between the successive WPs, they will be executed both in a sequential and in parallel way. In the following description the main successive steps will be mentioned before all. The steps solved in parallel are mentioned secondly. Step 1 The main goal of the project is to design and develop a tool for improving the resistance of road vehicle drivers to failures of attention and of their behaviour character. For that: a) the improved knowledge of attention decreases and attention splitting mechanisms is necessary. For this, the interest will be focused in the WP 1. Because of the very high individuality of human subjects, considerably high number of tested persons (probands) has to be investigated (at least 24 probands for each experiment, by respecting the division of each such proband cohort with respect to age and sex). In parallel various approaches to training of drivers to improved resistance to attention failures will be tested with special regard to those, based on bio-feedback methodology. Step 2 The actual state of driver attention level driver can be estimated and measured by the use of various attention indicators differing in their suitability for advanced driver training, the speed and specificity of particular indicator will be taken into account as two dominant criteria. Because at present no universal indicator is known, the interest will be given to selection of their proper combination. A special interest will be given to indicators based on brain signal analysis, which are probably the most specific and fastest. However their practical applicability is limited because of the necessity to install some special sensors on driver head. Therefore in parallel the interest will be given also to those indicators which are easier for practical use (based on analysis of face grimaces and eye movements and on various signals of driver body). Because of their lower specificity and speed, they have however to be calibrated by the indicators based on brain signals. Step 3 When a suitable set of driver attention and behaviour indicators is found, the methodology of its use for bio-feedback training of driver to improved resistance to attention and behaviour faults will be developed. The respective software will be installed at disposable driving simulators and the efficiency of respective training methods will be tested. Step 4 The best methodologies will be specified and the respective software tolls will be integrated. In parallel the wide size applicability of such training methodology will be investigated, with special regard to enhanced driver stage durability and to his/her retraining possibility. The eventual negative effect of such advanced training of drivers will be taken under investigation. Step 5 The analysis of expectable economic effect of wide size application of such advanced training of special driver categories will be provided. The eventual social aspect for society health will be also taken into account. Second Life is already hosted by the Linden Company. Nevertheless the pros and cons of such hosting still need to be investigated before adopting a final virtual environment. The posed objectives will be achieved following these steps and completing the activities, described in the proposed work packages 1 6. The work package 7 will be oriented to project management. The work-plan is given in Table 1, which exhibits the systemized work packages, the expected outputs, which activities will lead to these outcomes, duration of these activities (start and end), which partners will be involved and how many man-months are needed. Work package list Work package No Work package title Type of activity Lead partic no. Lead partic. short name Person-months Start month End month6 WP1 Investigation of driver attention decrease mechanisms and of the advanced methods for driver training RTD 1 CTU FTS / LCPC 60 1 12 WP2 Analysis and recommendation of suitable indicators for driver brain actual stage representation with special regard to possibility of use for bio-feedback based training RTD 2 TRL 45 6 18 WP3 Development of methodology for bio-feedback based training of professional drivers by the use of the set of indicators specified in WP 2 Development of special simulator scenarios for combined positive and negative driver stimulation of drivers for improved resistance to attention failures RTD 3 TUD 55 16 30 WP4 Development of special simulator scenarios for combined positive and negative driver stimulation of drivers for improved resistance to attention failures RTD 1 CTU FTS 38 18 34 WP5 Testing the efficiency, durability, and re-trainability of such bio-feedback training on statistically significant sample of driver population. Analysis of eventual negative effects. R TD 5 LCPC / CHU Bdx 38 18 30 WP6 Estimation of economic and ecologic effect of such advanced driver training application. RTD 5 D 45 25 35 WP7 Management RTD 1 IDS 11 1 36 TOTAL 294 List of Deliverables Del. no. Deliverable name WP no. Nature Dissemi-nation level Delivery date (proj. month) 1.1. Report on literature survey containing a list with a state of the art and a comparison of driver education methods WP1 R CO 5 2.1. Report on the study on the attention indicators. WP2 R CO 16 2.2. Evaluation reports of suitable attention indicators and their recommended set WP2 R CO 18 3.1. Evaluation report on bio-feedback driver training to increased resistance to attention decreases WP3 R CO 28 4.1. Package of simulator scenarios WP4 R RE 30 5.1. Evaluation report on bio-feedback methods applicability WP5 R CO 30 6.1. Report on the bio-feedback methods efficiency and gained driver improvement duration. WP6 R CO 35 7.1. Partner agreements between coordinator and each partner. WP7 O CO 1 7.2. The rules for maintaining the partnership established. WP7 O CO 2 7.3 Detailed progress reports (Report on the organized conferences and participation in scientific conferences, a list of presented papers and publications) WP7 R RE Milestones Milestones are control points where decisions are needed with regard to the next stage of the project. For example, a milestone may occur when a major result has been achieved, if its successful attainment is a required for the next phase of work. Another example would be a point when the consortium must decide which of several technologies to adopt for further development. Milestone number Milestone name Work package(s) involved Expected date Means of verification 1 Recommended set of attention indicators WP2 Month 12 Attention indicators methods and software package. 2 Software package of simulator scenarios WP4 Month 33 Remotely accessible with client software 3 Recommended methods of bio-feedback based driver training for improved resistance to attention decrease and splitting WP3 Month 30 Remotely accessible with project partners and clients 4 Bio-feedback training effect durability testing complete WP5 Month 30 Report and recommendation 5 Bio-feedback re-trainability testing complete WP5 Month 30 Report and recommendation Work package description Work package number WP1 Start date or starting event: M1 Work package title Investigation of driver attention decrease mechanisms and of the advanced methods for driver training Activity type RTD Participant number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Participant short name CTU TRL TUD TU D LCPCINRETS CHU Bdx Person-months per participant 25 15 10 5 5 5 15 70 Objectives Formulate the requirements on driver attention level in the course of his/her driving activity. Description of work (possibly broken down into tasks) and role of partners Task 1.1. Identify requirements for the level of attention of road vehicle driver in the course of his/her driving activity in different driving conditions and for different kinds of vehicles. Identify the environmental influence and influence of on-board assistance systems. This task will be performed by partners P1, P2, P3, P4, P5, P6, P7. Task 1.2. Study of attention decreases mechanisms, with special regard both to natural decreases caused by driver fatigue and to attention splitting caused by marginal stimuli. This task will be performed by partners P1, P2, P3, P7. Task 1.3. Selection of the most suitable method for driver education and training. This task will be performed by partners P1, P2 P3, P5, P6, P7. Deliverables (brief description) and month of delivery 1.1. Report on literature survey containing a list with a state of the art and a comparison of driver education methods (M5) Work package number WP2 Start date or starting event: M6 Work package title Analysis and recommendation of suitable indicators for driver brain actual stage representation with special regard to possibility of use for bio-feedback based training Activity type RTD Participant number 1 2 3 4 5 7 Participant short name CTU TRL TUD TU D INRETSCHU Bdx Person-months per participant 10 15 10 5 5 10 55 Objectives Analysis and recommendation of suitable set of driver actual attention level indicators Description of work (possibly broken down into tasks) and role of partners Task 2.1. Analysis of the specificity and speed of attention indicators oriented to driver brain activity, with special regard to EEG signals, EMG signals and brain transparency in near-infrared region. This task will be performed by partners P1, P2, P3, P7. Task 2.2. Analysis of specificity and speed of attention indicators oriented to eye-movements and face grimaces. This task will be performed by partners P1, P2, P3, P5, P7. Task 2.3. Analysis of specificity and speed of attention indicators oriented to humoral signals of human body (namely temperature of skin, temperature of breath, ECG signals). This task will be performed by partners P1, P2 P3, P4, P5, P7. Task 2.4 Recommendation of the set of indicators suitable for bio-feedback oriented methods of driver training for enhanced resistance to attention decreases and splitting. This task will be performed by partners P1, P2 P3, P4, P5. Deliverables (brief description) and month of delivery 2.1 Report on the study on the attention indicators. (M16) 2.2 Evaluation reports of suitable attention indicators and their recommended set. (M18) Work package number WP3 Start date or starting event: M16 Work package title Activity type Participant number Participant short name Person-months per participant Objectives Evaluation report on bio-feedback driver training to increased resistance to attention decreases. Description of work (possibly broken down into tasks) and role of partners Task 3.1 Evaluation of bio-feedback driver training methods oriented to increasing of driver resistance to attention decreases and attention splitting This task will be performed by partners P1, P2, P3, P4, P5. P6, P7. Deliverables (brief description) and month of delivery 3.1 Evaluation report on bio-feedback driver training to increased resistance to attention decreases (M28) Work package number WP4 Start date or starting event: M18 Work package title Development of methodology for bio-feedback based training of professional drivers by the use of indicators specified in WP2 Activity type RTD Participant number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Participant short name CTU TRL TUD TU D INRETS CHU Bdx Person-months per participant 15 8 8 5 5 15 5 61 Objectives Software package of simulator scenarios. Description of work (possibly broken down into tasks) and role of partners Task 4.1 Specific simulator scenarios in 2D and 3D allowing punishment and rewarding for improved resistance to attention decreases This task will be performed by partners P1, P2, P3, P5, P6, P7 Task 4.2 Specific simulator scenarios for improved resistance to attention splitting This task will be performed by partners P1, P2, P3, P5, P6, P7 Task.4.3 Specific simulator scenarios for deleting the tendency to aggressive behaviour methods oriented to increasing of driver resistance to attention decreases and attention splitting This task will be performed by partners P1, P2, P3, P4, P5, P6, P7 Task.4.4 Simulator experiments compatibility Definition of common measurement protocol, development of common scenario definition for simulator experiments, validation on all simulators used within the project This task will be performed by partners P1, P6, P7 Deliverables (brief description) and month of delivery 4.1 Software package of simulator scenarios (M30) Work package number WP5 Start date or starting event: Work package title Testing of the efficiency, durability and re-trainability of bio-feedback training on statistically significant sample of driver population. Analysis of eventual negative effects. Activity type RTD Participant number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Participant short name CTU TRL TUD TU D INRETSLCPC CHU Bdx Person-months per participant 10 10 5 5 15 5 10 60 Objectives Analysis of bio-feedback driver training methods applicability. Description of work (possibly broken down into tasks) and role of partners Task 5.1 Analysis of training applicability with special regard on wide scale use and gain effect durability This task will be performed by partners P1, P2, P3, P5, P6, P7 Task 5.2 Analysis of the probability of successful application in wide scale applications This task will be performed by partners P1, P2, P3, P5, P6, P7 Task 5.3 Analysis of eventual negative effects of developed methods This task will be performed by partners P1, P2, P4, P5, P6, P7 Deliverables (brief description) and month of delivery 5.1 Evaluation report on bio-feedback methods applicability (M30) Work package number WP6 Start date or starting event: M25 Work package title Estimation of economic and ecologic effect of such advanced driver training application Activity type RTD Participant number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Participant short name CTU TRL TUD TU D INRETSLCPC CHU Bdx Person-months per participant 10 10 5 5 15 10 5 60 Objectives Analysis of the bio-feedback methods efficiency and duration of driver resistance to attention decreases and splitting improvement. Description of work (possibly broken down into tasks) and role of partners Task 6.1. Analysis of the economic and ecologic gain of wide-scale application of developed methods This task will be performed by partners P1, P2, P3, P4, P5, P6, P7 6.2. Analysis of conditions and requirements for wide-scale application of developed methods This task will be performed by partners P1, P2, P3, P5, P7 Deliverables (brief description) and month of delivery 6.1 Report on the bio-feedback methods efficiency and gained driver improvement duration. (M35) Work package number WP7 Start date or starting event: M1 Work package title Management Activity type MGT Participant number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Participant short name CTU TRL TUD TU D INRETS CHU Bdx Person-months per participant 5 2 2 1 1 1 1 13 Objectives Tocreate an efficient management structure, applying the most modern information and communication technologies. Description of work (possibly broken down into tasks) and role of partners Task 7.1. The rules of reference for maintaining the partnership established. This task will be performed by partners P1, P2, P3, P4, P5, P6, P7 Task 7.2. The infrastructure of the project established and developed This task will be performed by partners P1, P2, P3, P4, P5, P6, P7 7.3. The evaluation procedures and performance indicators developed. This task will be performed by partners P1 7.4. Work meetings organized. This task will be performed by partners P1 7.5. Project coordinated. Report elaborated This task will be performed by partners P1 Deliverables (brief description) and month of delivery Summary of effort A summary of the effort is useful for the evaluators. Please indicate in the table number of person months over the whole duration of the planned work, for each work package by each participant. Identify the work-package leader for each WP by showing the relevant person-month figure in bold. Partic. no. Partic. short name WP1 WP2 WP3 WP4 WP5 WP6 WP7 Total person months 1 CTU 30 10 15 15 10 10 5 95 2 TRL 15 15 10 8 10 10 2 70 3 TUD 10 10 15 8 5 5 2 55 4 TU 5 5 5 5 3 5 1 29 5 D 5 5 10 5 15 15 1 56 6 LCPCINRETS 5 0 5 15 5 10 1 41 7 CHU Bdx 15 10 15 5 10 5 1 61 Total 65 45 55 41 43 45 11 304 Section 2.Implementation (Maximum length for Section 2.1 five pages) 2.1Management structure and procedures Describe the organisational structure and decision-making mechanisms of the project. Show how they are matched to the complexity and scale of the project. 2.2 Individual participants (Maximum length for Section 2.2: one page per participant. However, where two or more departments within an organisation have quite distinct roles within the proposal, one page per department is acceptable. The maximum length applying to a legal entity composed of several members, each of which is a separate legal entity (for example an EEIG), is one page per member, provided that the members have quite distinct roles within the proposal.) For each participant in the proposed project, provide a brief description of the legal entity, the main tasks they have been attributed, and the previous experience relevant to those tasks. Provide also a short profile of the individuals who will be undertaking the work. 2.3Consortium as a whole (No maximum length for Section 2.3 depends on the size and complexity of the consortium) Describe how the participants collectively constitute a consortium capable of achieving the project objectives, and how they are suited and are committed to the tasks assigned to them. Show the complementarity between participants. Explain how the composition of the consortium is well-balanced in relation to the objectives of the project. If appropriate describe the industrial/commercial involvement to ensure exploitation of the results. i) Sub-contracting: If any part of the work is to be sub-contracted by the participant responsible for it, describe the work involved and explain why a sub-contract approach has been chosen for it. ii) Other countries: If a one or more of the participants requesting EU funding is based outside of the EU Member states, Associated countries and the list of International Cooperation Partner Countries, explain in terms of the projects objectives why such funding would be essential. 2.4Resources to be committed (Maximum length for Section 2.4 two pages) Describe how the totality of the necessary resources will be mobilised, including any resources that will complement the EC contribution. Show how the resources will be integrated in a coherent way, and show how the overall financial plan for the project is adequate. In addition to the costs indicated on form A3 of the proposal, and the effort shown in section 1.3 above, please identify any other major costs (e.g. equipment). Ensure that the figures stated in Part B are consistent with these. Section 3.Impact (Maximum length for the whole of Section 3 ten pages) 3.1Expected impacts listed in the work programme Describe how your project will contribute towards the expected impacts listed in the work programme in relation to the topic or topics in question. Mention the steps that will be needed to bring about these impacts. Explain why this contribution requires a European (rather than a national or local) approach. Indicate how account is taken of other national or international research activities. Mention any assumptions and external factors that may determine whether the impacts will be achieved. 3.2Dissemination and/or exploitation of project results, and management of intellectual property Describe the measures you propose for the dissemination and/or exploitation of project results, and how these will increase the impact of the project. In designing these measures, you should take into account a variety of communication means and target groups as appropriate (e.g. policy-makers, interest groups, media and the public at large). Describe also your plans for the management of knowledge (intellectual property) acquired in the course of the project. Section 4.Ethical Issues (No maximum length for Section 4 depends on the number and complexity of the ethical issues involved) Describe any ethical issues that may arise in their proposal. In particular, you should explain the benefit and burden of their experiments and the effects it may have on the research subject. The following special issues should be taken into account: Informed consent: When describing issues relating to informed consent, it will be necessary to illustrate an appropriate level of ethical sensitivity, and consider issues of insurance, incidental findings and the consequences of leaving the study. Data protection issues: Avoid the unnecessary collection and use of personal data. Identify the source of the data, describing whether it is collected as part of the research or is previously collected data being used. Consider issues of informed consent for any data being used. Describe how personal identify of the data is protected. Use of animals: Where animals are used in research the application of the 3Rs (Replace, Reduce, Refine) must be convincingly addressed. Numbers of animals should be specified. State what happens to the animals after the research experiments. Human embryonic stem cells: Research proposals that will involve human embryonic stem cells (hESC) will have to address all the following specific points: the necessity to use hESC in order to achieve the scientific objectives set forth in the proposal. whether the applicants have taken into account the legislation, regulations, ethical rules and/or codes of conduct in place in the country(ies) where the research using hESC is to take place, including the procedures for obtaining informed consent; the source of the hESC the measures taken to protect personal data, including genetic data, and privacy; the nature of financial inducements, if any. Identify the countries where research will be undertaken and which ethical committees and regulatory organisations will need to be approached during the life of the project. Include the Ethical issues table below. If you indicate YES to any issue, please identify the pages in the proposal where this ethical issue is described. If you are sure that none of the issues apply to your proposal, simply tick the YES box in the last row. Notes: For further information on ethical issues relevant to ICT, see annex 5 of the Guide for applicants. Only in exceptional cases will additional information be sought for clarification, which means that any ethical review will be performed solely on the basis of the information available in your proposal. ETHICAL ISSUES TABLE YES PAGE Informed Consent Does the proposal involve children? Does the proposal involve patients or persons not able to give consent? Does the proposal involve adult healthy volunteers? Does the proposal involve Human Genetic Material? Does the proposal involve Human biological samples? Does the proposal involve Human data collection? Research on Human embryo/foetus Does the proposal involve Human Embryos? Does the proposal involve Human Foetal Tissue / Cells? Does the proposal involve Human Embryonic Stem Cells? Privacy Does the proposal involve processing of genetic information or personal data (eg. health, sexual lifestyle, ethnicity, political opinion, religious or philosophical conviction) Does the proposal involve tracking the location or observation of people? Research on Animals Does the proposal involve research on animals? Are those animals transgenic small laboratory animals? Are those animals transgenic farm animals? Are those animals cloned farm animals? Are those animals non-human primates? Research Involving Developing Countries Use of local resources (genetic, animal, plant etc) Impact on local community Dual Use Research having direct military application Research having the potential for terrorist abuse ICT Implants Does the proposal involve clinical trials of ICT implants? I CONFIRM THAT NONE OF THE ABOVE ISSUES APPLY TO MY PROPOSAL A work package is a major sub-division of the proposed project with a verifiable end-point normally a deliverable or a milestone in the overall project. Workpackage number: WP 1 WP n. Please indicate one activity per work package: RTD = Research and technological development; DEM = Demonstration; MGT = Management of the consortium Number of the participant leading the work in this work package. The total number of person-months allocated to each work package. Measured in months from the project start date (month 1). Deliverable numbers in order of delivery dates. Please use the numbering convention WP number.number of deliverable within that WP. For example, deliverable 4.2 would be the second deliverable from work package 4. Please indicate the nature of the deliverable using one of the following codes: R = Report, P = Prototype, D = Demonstrator, O = Other Please indicate the dissemination level using one of the following codes: PU = Public PP = Restricted to other programme participants (including the Commission Services). RE = Restricted to a group specified by the consortium (including the Commission Services). CO = Confidential, only for members of the consortium (including the Commission Services). Measured in months from the project start date (month 1). Measured in months from the project start date (month 1). Show how you will confirm that the milestone has been attained. Refer to indicators if appropriate. For example: a laboratory prototype completed and running flawlessly; software released and validated by a user group; field survey complete and data quality validated. Please indicate one activity per work package: RTD = Research and technological development; DEM = Demonstration; MGT = Management of the consortium. Please indicate one activity per work package: RTD = Research and technological development; DEM = Demonstration; MGT = Management of the consortium. Please indicate one activity per work package: RTD = Research and technological development; DEM = Demonstration; MGT = Management of the consortium. Please indicate one activity per work package: RTD = Research and technological development; DEM = Demonstration; MGT = Management of the consortium. Please indicate one activity per work package: RTD = Research and technological development; DEM = Demonstration; MGT = Management of the consortium. Please indicate one activity per work package: RTD = Research and technological development; DEM = Demonstration; MGT = Management of the consortium. Please indicate one activity per work package: RTD = Research and technological development; DEM = Demonstration; MGT = Management of the consortium. See CORDIS web-site, and annex 1 of the work programme.

BUS 475 Week 2 Knowledge Check - 1108 Words

BUS 475 Week 2 Knowledge Check 1. Compared with other approaches to business, the marketing concept is distinct in that it A. focuses on sales B. produces new products and services C. creates a broad assortment of products D. focuses on satisfying customers needs 2.A company provides its advertising agency with a statement about a new product to use in designing an advertising campaign, and this statement includes a description of the target market, the product type, the primary benefits of using the product, and how this product is different from, and better than, competitive products. What type of statement is this? A. Qualifying B. Positioning C. Determining D. Clustering 3. The sales analysis of a product revealed†¦show more content†¦increased, causing the price of cigarette rolling machines to rise and the quantity of machines purchased to rise D. increased, causing the price of cigarette rolling machines to rise and the quantity of machines purchased to fall 12. 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Essay about Literary Analysis - 2349 Words

The Apple of Our Eye We all need to be tamed. Our rough edges are honed by those who understand our temper – folks who are put in our life to round us into complete people. Eve and Enkidu are perfect examples of complementary personas. Both people serve to quench the personalities to which they provide counterpoint, Enkidu in showing Gilgamesh that he is not invincible and Eve in showing Adam that his companion in life will stick with him through thick and thin. It is by the actions and behaviors of these characters that we learn that no one is a complete person from the time of birth; we are all made whole through our interactions with those who share our own stories. Eve and Enkidu represent a similar face – both use flawed†¦show more content†¦They were built up by their â€Å"teachers† like someone climbing a one-legged ladder; their viewpoint kept changing for the better until their world came crashing down. 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Detroit : Gale Research Co., 1987. 275. Meire, Matt S. Mexican American Biographies: A Historical Dictionary 1836-1987. New York: Greenwood Press, 1988. 216. Soto, Gary and Ernest Trejo. Interview. â€Å"Revista Chicano-Riqueà ±a.† 1982. Contemporary Literary Criticism vol. 80. Ed. Daniel G. Marwski. Detroit : Gale Research Co., 1987. 278-281. Stine, Jean C. and Daniel G. Marwski., Ed. Contemortry Literary Criticism vol. 32. Detroit: GaleRead MoreReader, Readability And Relativity In The Criticism Of Propp, Barthes, And Fish Literary Analysis1095 Words   |  5 Pagescanonical quality, what meaning can be derived from that text, and who exactly makes these types of decisions? Welcome to the world of literary criticism, where the approach to the text and the level of reader inclusion varies based upon the school a critic identifies with in his endeavor and/or the individual reader may happen to take most interest in the act of literary analysis. 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Police Racial Profiling Essay Example For Students

Police Racial Profiling Essay CRJ I am proposing to write about racial profiling by police. Racial profiling refers to the practice of police targeting minorities with out probable cause. For example police search two African Americans in front of a store talking and not the two caucasian people next to them. One other example would be a police officer writing more traffic tickets to one race more then the rest. Discrimination based on race, ethnicity, religion, nationality or on any other particular identity undermines the basic human rights and freedoms to which every person is entitled. According to some theories the sociological reason for this problem is that law enforcement officials focus on what people look like, what religion they follow, or what they wear. Racial Profiling Is Discrimination, and It Taints the Entire Criminal Justice System. Racial profiling rests on the erroneous assumption that any particular individual of one race or ethnicity is more likely to engage in misconduct than any particular individual of other races or ethnicities. Hypotheses: The opportunities for polices to racial profile is becoming a greater problem in the untied states every day. We have laws that are meant to protect the minorities from racial profiling. What I would like to see happen is the police officers that are falling into the catergory of racial profileing be repimanded, and for local government to give the American people their right to be protected from racial porfiling. .